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Psychological Tables and Definitions
J.Roca

PSYCHOLOGICAL CRITERIA, CATEGORIES AND CONCEPTS

Table 3.


 
 

LEGEND Table 3.


 
 

 
There are two main forms of talking about natural events which represent two conceptions of the same: the first  way is to refer to them in terms of extension, the second is to refer to them in terms of movement. These two forms are criteria; which is to say: ways of referring and conceiving nature in the most general way.

1 - The EXTENSION CRITERION means to refer all things as corporal and which act in an extended spatial world.
1.1 - The ordinary language referred to in psychological events is based on this extension criterion. First, ordinary language refers to psychological events in terms of a subject -spatially defined- and in terms of what this subject does. Second, the ordinary but also the pseudoscientific psychology refers to this subject as a spatial entity, with a body and a soul, or a mind, inside. Third, the pseudoscientific psychology, concordant with ordinary language, refers to psychological events in terms of an organism and the environment surrounding it.
Ordinary linguistic categories, defined as abstract notions that include most of the psychological concepts, have their conceptual foundations in the criterion of extension. 

These categories are:

1.1.1 - Action, defined as what a subject does. The subject can be the mind inside the body or both, the mind and the body together. The subject can be also an organism, the acting subject or the other subjects affecting its action. 
To talk about the mind’s action -internal- or  body’s actions -external- or also about the organism’s action upon the environment and the environment’s action upon the organism, means thinking in terms that assume  a spatial conception of the world. 
It can be said that "mind is action", but if the extension criterion is the conceptual context of this expression, it is not acceptable from a scientific point of view.
It can be said also that "mind is behavior" but if it is assumed that this behavior is the behavior of an organism, this means to explicitly assume the extension  criterion. 
The so called "cognitive alternative" means going back inside the organism, without ever abandoning  the extension criterion.

1.1.2. Effect or consecution, defined as the result of an action done by a subject. 
There is a present effect and a future effect of psychological actions. The present effect is anticipation and the future effect is to remember, both showing the fundamental characteristic of psychological action: an organism’s reaction, response or behavior adjusted to an eventual change without the physical presence of stimulation. 

1.1.3.- Adverbial locution, defined as descriptions of the quantitative changes in the subject’s actions and their effects.

1.1.4 – Process, defined as any continued set of natural actions or also the description of the steps or successive phases in an event’s occurrence. When the concepts included in this category are rooted in ordinary language, they usually describe the development of a subject’s actions. This is what usually happens when we talk about learning and development: It is always the learning or development of an organism or of a subject in general.

1.1.5 - State, defined as a way of being or staying of somebody or something. Psychological concepts included in this category refer to how a subject is behaving at a specific moment or period of time. There are, on the other hand, concepts that refer to a state in a process, concepts for psychopathological  states and also concepts for general and normal psychological states

1.1.6 - Disposition, defined as a general tendency to act or behave in a particular way. This category shows clearly the confusing effects of the extension criterion: The tendency or propensity to act or behave in a particular manner is interpreted as something inherent in the subject or something that he/she has inside –somewhere- and that determines his/her action or behavior. 

1.2. - Differential psychology uses concepts and categories based on the extension criterion, closely  allied to ordinary language
 

2 - The MOVEMENT CRITERION means to refer to all things in terms of the dynamics which animate them. 
The concept of movement is used as a tribute to Aristotle and even when it can be easily associated to local movement or displacement or action, it is the most suggestive concept or metaphor to express that nature is better understood when we take into consideration the dynamic or the functioning that animate it. 
In regard to  the movement criterion we assume that nature, and particularly human beings, can be better understood taking into consideration the different dynamics that constitute them. 

2.1 - Natural sciences act and justify the movement criteria when implicitly or explicitly it is assumed that they study not things bodily conceived but "animations"  of them. 
When science studies –as an illustration-  an athlete, it  takes into account, first, the physical and chemical functioning, studying for example the biomechanical dynamic. Second the biological reactions involved, for example, in exercise. Third, science takes into consideration the psychological associations that permits the specific adjustment to the game played. Fourth, science also takes into consideration the social conventions that allow us to understand why the athlete is playing that game and not another. This is what science actually does: to study each animation that constitutes an athlete. 

2.2 - Psychology as a functional science deals with a  level of organization of natural phenomena. Psychology does not deal with the mind inside the body; does not deal with the organism acting or interacting with the environment.; does not deal with individuals, nor deals with their action or the effects of action. Psychology deals with functional relations that define a level of organization present in human beings and other animals.

2.3 - Association is the functional relation that defines the psychological phenomena qualitatively. Which is to say: the kind of functioning that allows us to talk about psychological events, to differentiate from other events and to relate to them.
Association is the ontogenetic constructed relation between biological reactions, meaning adaptation to social, biological and physical and chemical animations or movements (see scheme2 and scheme21). Thus, association is a category completely defined in movement or functional terms, avoiding any spatial or corporal criterion, category or concept. Association does not occur in a place and it is not something done by somebody. It is a form of functioning; one dynamic that constitutes a human being or an animal.
Mind is relation. Associative relation between biological reactions. All subjects, organisms, internal or external entities or processes, all concepts based on extension criterion are rejected even when it can be shown, as is done in  Table 3, correspondences between the opposed criteria.
The general functional notion of association but also the  concepts of Conditioning, Constancy and Configuration, and Knowledge and Interpretation, are used meaning only functional relation, independently of their traditional or present use within the extension criterion.

 2.4 - Variable or factor is the category that denotes the changing values of the association relation, explaining quantitative variation in the associative performance. The definition of the factors situated above has been done in  Table 2.2, always in terms of functional relation. Internal and external variables and the rest of the factors defined starting from the extension criterion , like those referred to as internal variables, are rejected.
A secondary characteristic of sciences is that of quantification which permits a more accurate knowledge of the phenomena studied with respect to adverbial locutions in ordinary language.

2.5 – Determinant is a category that denotes how other animation or functional levels of natural events cause the concrete associations and the concrete values of them in a particular moment and in the evolving perspective. 
The consideration of these determinants complete the psychological field (see Table 2), without any concession to the extension criterion.

(A broader exposition of the ideas summarized here can be found in the "Psicologia. Una introducció teòrica" (Catalan) and in the articles published in Spanish)


 

Tornar a la pàgina GENERAL

 


Mitjançant el vincle "Comandes"  de la secció Col·lecció Liceu es pot aconseguir 
una còpia impresa del llibre"Psicologia. Una introducció teòrica"

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