There are two main forms of talking about natural events which
represent two conceptions of the same: the first way is to refer to them in terms of
extension, the second is to refer to them in terms of movement. These two forms are
criteria; which is to say: ways of referring and conceiving nature in the most general
way.
1 - The EXTENSION
CRITERION means to refer all things as corporal and which
act in an extended spatial world.
1.1 - The ordinary language referred to in psychological events is
based on this extension criterion. First, ordinary language refers to psychological events
in terms of a subject -spatially defined- and in terms of what this subject does. Second,
the ordinary but also the pseudoscientific psychology refers to this subject as a spatial
entity, with a body and a soul, or a mind, inside. Third, the pseudoscientific psychology,
concordant with ordinary language, refers to psychological events in terms of an organism
and the environment surrounding it.
Ordinary linguistic categories, defined as abstract notions that
include most of the psychological concepts, have their conceptual foundations in the
criterion of extension.
These categories are:
1.1.1 - Action, defined as what a subject does. The
subject can be the mind inside the body or both, the mind and the body together. The
subject can be also an organism, the acting subject or the other subjects affecting its
action.
To talk about the minds action -internal- or bodys
actions -external- or also about the organisms action upon the environment and the
environments action upon the organism, means thinking in terms that assume a
spatial conception of the world.
It can be said that "mind is action", but if the extension
criterion is the conceptual context of this expression, it is not acceptable from a
scientific point of view.
It can be said also that "mind is behavior" but if it is
assumed that this behavior is the behavior of an organism, this means to explicitly assume
the extension criterion.
The so called "cognitive alternative" means going back
inside the organism, without ever abandoning the extension criterion.
1.1.2. Effect or consecution, defined as the result of an
action done by a subject.
There is a present effect and a future effect of psychological
actions. The present effect is anticipation and the future effect is to remember, both
showing the fundamental characteristic of psychological action: an organisms
reaction, response or behavior adjusted to an eventual change without the physical
presence of stimulation.
1.1.3.- Adverbial locution, defined as descriptions of the
quantitative changes in the subjects actions and their effects.
1.1.4 Process, defined as any continued set of
natural actions or also the description of the steps or successive phases in an
events occurrence. When the concepts included in this category are rooted in
ordinary language, they usually describe the development of a subjects actions. This
is what usually happens when we talk about learning and development: It is always the
learning or development of an organism or of a subject in general.
1.1.5 - State, defined as a way of being or staying of
somebody or something. Psychological concepts included in this category refer to how a
subject is behaving at a specific moment or period of time. There are, on the other hand,
concepts that refer to a state in a process, concepts for psychopathological states
and also concepts for general and normal psychological states
1.1.6 - Disposition, defined as a general tendency to act
or behave in a particular way. This category shows clearly the confusing effects of the
extension criterion: The tendency or propensity to act or behave in a particular manner is
interpreted as something inherent in the subject or something that he/she has inside
somewhere- and that determines his/her action or behavior.
1.2. - Differential psychology uses concepts and categories based
on the extension criterion, closely allied to ordinary language
2 - The MOVEMENT
CRITERION means to refer to all things in terms of the
dynamics which animate them.
The concept of movement is used as a tribute to Aristotle and even
when it can be easily associated to local movement or displacement or action, it is the
most suggestive concept or metaphor to express that nature is better understood when we
take into consideration the dynamic or the functioning that animate it.
In regard to the movement criterion we assume that nature, and
particularly human beings, can be better understood taking into consideration the
different dynamics that constitute them.
2.1 - Natural sciences act and justify the movement criteria when
implicitly or explicitly it is assumed that they study not things bodily conceived but
"animations" of them.
When science studies as an illustration- an athlete,
it takes into account, first, the physical and chemical functioning, studying for
example the biomechanical dynamic. Second the biological reactions involved, for example,
in exercise. Third, science takes into consideration the psychological associations that
permits the specific adjustment to the game played. Fourth, science also takes into
consideration the social conventions that allow us to understand why the athlete is
playing that game and not another. This is what science actually does: to study each
animation that constitutes an athlete.
2.2 - Psychology as a functional science deals with a level
of organization of natural phenomena. Psychology does not deal with the mind inside the
body; does not deal with the organism acting or interacting with the environment.; does
not deal with individuals, nor deals with their action or the effects of action.
Psychology deals with functional relations that define a level of organization present in
human beings and other animals.
2.3 - Association is the functional relation that defines
the psychological phenomena qualitatively. Which is to say: the kind of functioning that
allows us to talk about psychological events, to differentiate from other events and to
relate to them.
Association is the ontogenetic constructed relation between
biological reactions, meaning adaptation to social, biological and physical and chemical
animations or movements (see scheme2 and scheme21). Thus, association is a category
completely defined in movement or functional terms, avoiding any spatial or corporal
criterion, category or concept. Association does not occur in a place and it is not
something done by somebody. It is a form of functioning; one dynamic that constitutes a
human being or an animal.
Mind is relation. Associative relation between biological reactions.
All subjects, organisms, internal or external entities or processes, all concepts based on
extension criterion are rejected even when it can be shown, as is done in Table 3,
correspondences between the opposed criteria.
The general functional notion of association but also the
concepts of Conditioning, Constancy and Configuration, and Knowledge and Interpretation,
are used meaning only functional relation, independently of their traditional or present
use within the extension criterion.
2.4 - Variable or factor is the category that
denotes the changing values of the association relation, explaining quantitative variation
in the associative performance. The definition of the factors situated above has been done
in Table 2.2, always in terms of functional relation. Internal and external
variables and the rest of the factors defined starting from the extension criterion , like
those referred to as internal variables, are rejected.
A secondary characteristic of sciences is that of quantification
which permits a more accurate knowledge of the phenomena studied with respect to adverbial
locutions in ordinary language.
2.5 Determinant is a category that denotes how
other animation or functional levels of natural events cause the concrete associations and
the concrete values of them in a particular moment and in the evolving perspective.
The consideration of these determinants complete the psychological
field (see Table 2), without any concession to the extension criterion.
(A broader exposition of the ideas summarized here can be found
in the "Psicologia. Una introducció teòrica" (Catalan) and in the articles
published in Spanish)