LICEU PSICOLŌGIC

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Psychological Tables and Definitions
J.Roca

PSYCHOLOGY

Table 2.

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LEGEND Table 2.


 
 

 
0 - Psychological events are associative fields. That is: ontogenetic relations between biological reactions. 
The psychological functional field cannot be defined in morphological terms as internal or mental, or as external or behavioral -understanding behavior as physical action. The Cartesian conception of human beings as composed of body and mind is not a functional conception but the most traditional and popular morphological conception.
The field model takes into consideration the associative functional relation between reactions, not the reactions themselves neither the competencies - the ways through which the functional relations are measured- like physiological reactions, motor performances or oral expressions.
Psychology as a functional science is the study of associative phenomena.

0.1 -  The material elements of psychological  association are the biological reactions.  Biological reactions, not the stimuli and the responses, are the material elements of psychological events.

0.2 - Two fundamental types of association seem to be sufficient in order to cope with psychological events: The rigid association and the changing association. The first refers to the simple relation of occurrence of two or more reactions, the second refers to the establishment of relations between the changing values of reactions. The picture, in the upper part, of Table 2 attempts to represent these two types of association, simultaneously: Continuous lines mean rigid association and discontinuous-continuous lines mean changing association.

0.3 - When these two levels of association are specified in temporal, modal or both, temporal and modal parameters, cover the universe of basic psychological phenomena.
The concept of parameter permits one to see association in different and complementary perspectives and implies, at the same time, a renewed understanding of association as a consistent relation between biological reactions.


 

 
1 - The associative phenomena, within the qualitative definition of psychological events, are adjustative. Which means to say that association is always a teleonomic phenomenon. The behaviorist definition of psychology as the study of the adaptation of the organism to its social, physical and chemical, and biological environment underlines this adjustative dimension of psychological events.

1.1 - Understanding, Perception and Conditioning are presented as the three fundamental psychological phenomena because they signify social, physical-chemical and biological adaptation.

The Table that follows -developing the left column of the picture of the Table 2 -  acts as a table of basic psychological phenomena taking into consideration the levels and parameters of association on the one hand and, on the other, their adjustative dimensions:

Table 2.1.


 
Temporal Conditioning is present in the cycle regulation of  life. The circadian regulation of sleep, activity, anger and the rest of physiological parameters in plants, animals and human beings is included here as a relevant illustration of this psychological parameter.

Temporal and Modal Conditioning is present in all situations of life where changes in reactions present a rigid consistency in time and mode. The avoidance performances -escape conditioned responses- and the classical experimental  situation of  conditioning are also included in this psychological parameter because they usually involve modal and temporal adjustment.

Modal Conditioning  is present in conditioned reactions between all kind of biological changes, underlining those classified as emotional.

Temporal Constancy is present in ontogenetic orientation to the time interval  between stimuli, in all kind of physical and chemical adaptation. The anticipatory performances in physical activity, sports and professional situations especially when machines are involved, reveal the existence and relevance of this psychological parameter. The acquisition of rhythm performance is also included here.

Temporal and Modal Constancy is present in all situations where a rigid temporal and modal coordination is needed. Machines require not only temporal but also modal adjustment –the correct action in the proper moment- in such a way that there is always a temporal but also a modal anticipation to changes in stimulation. Rigid motor coordinations are also included here.

Modal Constancy covers the traditionally called "perceptual constancies" as color constancy, form constancy, weight constancy, etc. 

Temporal Configuration is a  psychological field that represents all situations where a temporal adjustment to velocity is performed. Driving automobiles, as an example, implies this type of physical adjustment.

Temporal and Modal Configuration is a psychological field that represent all situations where adjustment to movement is performed. All performances dealing with moving objects or also moving subjects, as happens in sport, mean a temporal and spatial adjustment to the changing values in speed and direction of the objects or also of the subjects.

Modal Configuration is a parameter that includes psychological adjustment to the changing values of physical and chemical stimulation. The judgement of object size in changing distance is a typical situation illustrating it.

Temporal and Modal Knowledge is a parameter that includes rigid social interaction of an individual with others. Daily encounter situations, professional interactions and automatic behaviors with "intelligent"  machines are examples of this type of psychological adjustment. 

Modal Knowledge is a parameter that includes what nowadays is called cognitive behavior. School knowledges about different subjects or matters or  the norms or linguistic rules of daily life, constitute examples of modal knowledge.

Temporal and Modal Interpretation is a parameter that covers the continuous and changing adjustment in social interaction. The change of position needed in activities like collective sports or the moment to moment reconsideration of our role in a professional encounter or activity, are illustrations of this psychological parameter.

Modal Interpretation is a parameter that includes the upper level of cognitive performance where the meaning of words is continuously changed and negotiated according to the current context of reasoning. The use and creation  of metaphors in science and in artistic productions, the presence of cues and connotations in linguistic interaction, are illustrations of this psychological parameter.


 

 
2 - The associative  phenomena show variation or quantitative changes and these changes are explained when  factors or variables of the psychological field are identified.

The psychological field factors and psychological laws are summarized in the table that follows, developing the central column of Table 2:

Table 2.2.

2.1 - The structural factors identify the variables rooted in the characteristics of the association itself.
The historical factors identify the variables related with the repetition of associative relation.
The situational factors identify variables that affect the force of an association in its present occurrence.


 

 
3 - The psychological  differentiation and evolution is due to social conventions, biological reactions and physical-chemical commutations that determine the concrete associations that define each individual. 
An individual is, psychologically speaking, the integration of specific understandings, perceptions and conditionings with their quantitative variations, occurring in specific social, physico-chemical and biological functional contexts.
The psychological differences between animals and human beings are closely related to determinants affecting them. 

3.1 - There are two types of determinants: Determinants of the psychological forms of Understanding, Perceiving and Conditioning and determinants of the elements of an association in those psychological universes.

3.1.1 - Social conventions determine concrete forms of Understanding, Perceiving and Conditioning and their quantitative values.
Social conventions determine the way we speak and the contents of the same. They also determine the perceptual and motor abilities necessary in professional activities, sports and other current abilities of daily life and determine also our biological particular functioning as habits of food intake or emotional reactions to things, animals, persons or ideas.
Social conventions determine the values of the factors affecting the force of an association when they mean, for example, a specific amount of  practice or the presence of an inhibitory stimulus in a particular situation or the emotional reaction needed against something.

3.1.2 - Biological reactions determine only conditionings but  as a material basis of psychological events,  the presence or absence of biological elements and their alteration, affect psychological associations both in quality and quantity.
Biological functioning produces specific and particular conditionings because relations between the different reactions of the organs occur in each individual life.
Biological functioning determines also psychological specific associations because it puts the basis of disposable associations and affects specific associations when its functioning is altered.

3.1.3 - Physical-chemical commutations determine only perceptions but, as a material basis of biological reactions, determine the presence or absence of biological elements and their alteration, affecting psychological associations both in quality and quantity.
Each physical and chemical environment and the motor activity of an organism in it, implies specific perceptions in each particular situation and development.
Physical and chemical commutations determine biological reactions and, through them, determine specific psychological associations.


 

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